![]() For example, “black-and-white thinking” describes the interpretation of circumstances as either all good or all bad, without recognition of interpretations between these two extremes, and “overgeneralization” describes the making of sweeping judgments on the basis of limited experiences). These cognitive traps are patterns of biased thinking that contribute to overly negative appraisals. Cognitive restructuring promotes more adaptive and realistic interpretations of events by identifying the presence of thinking traps. The objective of cognitive interventions is to facilitate more adaptive thinking through cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments. Anxiety disorders are associated with negatively biased cognitive distortions (e.g., “I think it’s 100% likely I will lose my job, and no one will ever hire me again”). In brief, CBT holds that one’s emotional experience is dictated by one’s interpretation of the events and circumstances surrounding that experience ( 2, 3). ![]() One of the primary CBT strategies is cognitive intervention. Although there are several CBT interventions for different types of anxiety, some common techniques and treatment goals form the basis of the CBT philosophy. ![]() When each of these three components interact and mutually reinforce one another, distressing and impairing levels of anxiety can be maintained over time. A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of anxiety disorders includes identification of dysfunctional thinking patterns, distressing feelings or physiological experiences, and unproductive behaviors. CBT sessions often occur weekly for a limited period (e.g., 12–16 weeks), and a small number of booster sessions are sometimes offered subsequently to reinforce independent use of skills. CBT differs from other therapeutic orientations in that it is highly structured and often manualized. At its core, CBT refers to a family of interventions and techniques that promote more adaptive thinking and behaviors in an effort to ameliorate distressing emotional experiences ( 2). One of the most well-researched and efficacious treatments for anxiety disorders is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). These findings indicated the roles of culture and genetics in protecting against the adverse effects of childhood maltreatment on resilience.Īutomatic negative thoughts childhood maltreatment culture genetics resilience.Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders and are associated with high societal burden ( 1). In conclusion, both the cultural environment and individual genetic makeup moderated the mediating effects of ANT on the association between childhood maltreatment and resilience. ![]() The mediating effects of ANT on the relationship between childhood abuse/neglect and resilience were significant for participants with low polygenic scores but not for those with high polygenic scores. In Study 2, using the leave-one-out approach, we constructed two separate prediction models based on 22 and 16 important single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and we found that the interaction between childhood abuse/neglect and polygenic scores based on important SNPs could predict ANT. In addition, the ANT-mediating effects of childhood neglect were stronger in American than Chinese participants. Study 1 found that both childhood abuse and childhood neglect increased ANT and thus weakened resilience. We combined regression, mediation, moderation, and machine learning methods to test the mediating effect of ANT on the link between childhood maltreatment and resilience as well as the moderating roles of culture and genetics. In study 1, the participants comprised 237 American and 347 Chinese individuals study 2 included 428 genotyped Chinese individuals. Furthermore, as psychological characteristics are commonly subject to the moderating effects of cultural context and biology, the study also explored whether and how cultural and genetic factors separately interact with childhood maltreatment to predict resilience. The current study aimed to investigate whether childhood maltreatment could increase automatic negative thoughts (ANT), thus weakening resilience. Resilience, a psychological trait conceptualized as the ability to recover from setbacks, can be weakened by childhood maltreatment, which comprises childhood abuse and childhood neglect.
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